Over the past several years, the use of optical fibre cables as ground motion sensors has become a central topic for seismologists, with successful applications of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) in various key fields such as seismic monitoring, structural imaging, and source characterisation. DAS response is a combination of both instrument response and cable-ground coupling, with the latter having a strong, spatially variable, but yet largely unquantified effect. This limits the application of a large number of staple seismological techniques (e.g., earthquake magnitude estimation, waveform tomography) that can require accurate knowledge of a signal's amplitude and frequency content. Here we present a method for accurately simulating a DAS cable and its ground coupling. The scheme is based on molecular dynamic-like particle-based numerical modelling, allowing the investigation of the effect of varying DAS-ground coupling scenarios. We start by computing the full strain field directly, for each pair of neighbouring particles in the model. We then define a virtual DAS cable, embedded within the model, and formed by a single string of interconnected particles. This allows us to control all aspects of the cable-ground coupling and their properties at an effective granular level through changing the bond stiffness and bond types (e.g., non-linearity) for both the cable and the surrounding medium. Arbitrary cable geometries and heterogeneous materials can be accommodated at the desired scale of investigation. We observe that at the metre scale, the cable-ground coupling and local site effects can substantially alter the recorded signal. We find that the stiffness of the thin layer of material to which the cable is coupled has the strongest effects, selectively amplifying portions of the wave train and contributing to substantial phase delays. These differences show that cable coupling and local site effects should be considered both when designing a DAS deployment and analysing its data when either true or along-cable relative amplitudes and/or frequencies are considered. The codes developed herein for calculating full waveform DAS responses and coupling are made publicly available.
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